Autor: Mariusz Burdajewicz | Strony: 7–27
Streszczenie
The aim of this paper is a typological and chronological analysis of the Iron Age pottery finds from Sha‘ar-Ha 'Amakim, a site situated on the easternmost fringe of the Akko plain, and identified with Hellenistic Gaba. The material under discussion consists of two main categories of vessels: storage jars (‘Phoenician’ amphorai) and various types of bowls. The analysis of this pottery attests to a settlement which can be dated to period ranging grosso modo from the end of the eight century until the beginning of the sixth century BC. The questions concerning the identification of the site, its possible character/function and supposed relation with the nearby Tell 'Amr are also discussed. It has been suggested that during the Iron Age II period the Sha‘ar-Ha 'Amakim site, due to the strategic location on the hill, could have been an outpost – a kind of observation point serving the inhabitants of the main settlement on Tell 'Amr, situated below, on the floor of the valley.
Bibliografia
A
Ahituv, S. 2008: Echoes from the Past. Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical World, Jerusalem
Amadasi, M.G.G., Karageorghis, V. 1977: Fouilles de Kition III. Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Nicosia
Anderson, W.P. 1988: Sarepta I. The Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata of Area II, Y, Beyrouth
Avigad, N. 1993: Samaria (City), [in:] NEAEHL 4, 1300–1310
B
Barako, T.J. 2008: Amphoras Through the Ages, [in:] Stager, L.E., Schloen, J.D., Master, D.M. (Eds), Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006). Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, Winona Lake, Ind., 429–461
Ben-Tor, A. 1993: Qiri, Tel, [in:] NEAEHL 4, 1228–1229
Ben-Tor, A., Zarzecki-Peleg, A., Cohen-Anidjar, S. 2005: Yoqne‘am II: The Iron Age and the Persian Period, Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations 1977–1988, Qedem Reports 6, Jerusalem
Ben-Shlomo, D. 2005: Material Culture, [in:] Dothan, M., Ben-Shlomo, D., Ashdod VI. The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), IAA Reports 24, Jerusalem, 63–246
Bikai, P.M. 1978: The Pottery of Tyre, Warminster
Bikai, P.M. 1987: The Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus, Nicosia
Briend, J., Humbert, J.-B. 1980: Tell Keisan (1971–1976), un cité phénicienne en Galilée, Fribourg-Göttingen-Paris
C
Chambon, A. 1980: Le niveau 5 (Fer II C), [in:] Briend, J., Humbert, J.-B., Tell Keisan (1971–1976), un cité phénicienne en Galilée, OBO Series Archaeologica 1, Fribourg-Göttingen-Paris, 157–179
Chambon, A. 1984: Tell el-Far’ah 1. L’Âge du Fer, Recherche sur les Civilisations, Mémoire 31, Paris
D
De Groot, A., Ariel, D.T. 2000: Ceramic Report, [in:] Ariel, D.T. (Ed.), Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh V, Extramural Areas, Qedem 40, Jerusalem, 91–154
Dothan, M., Ben Shlomo, D. 2005: Ashdod VI. The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), IAA Reports 24, Jerusalem
Dothan, T., Gitin, S. 2008: Miqne, Tel (Ekron), [in:] NEAEHL 5, 1952–1958
Dvorjetski, E. 2009: Between the Valley of Zebulun and the Valley of Jezreel: the Historical Geography of Geva-Geba-Jaba, [in:] Segal, A., Młynarczyk, J., Burdajewicz, M., Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar-Ha 'Amakim (Gaba), Final Report, Haifa, 6–34
E
Elgavish, J. 1994: Shiqmona on the Seacoast of Mount Carmel, Tel Aviv Eshel, H. 1995: Two Pottery Groups from Kenyon’s Excavations on the Eastern Slope of Ancient Jerusalem, [in:] Eshel, I., Prag, K. (Eds), Excavations by K. M. Kenyon in Jerusalem, 1961–1967 IV, The Iron Age Cave Deposits on the South-Eastern Hill and Isolated Burials and Cemeteries Elsewhere, Oxford, 1–157
F
Fantalkin, A. 2001: Mezad Hashavyahu: Its Material Culture and Historical Background, Tel Aviv 28, 3–165
Feig, N. 2012: Tel Kison. Final Report, HA-ESI 124, http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=2184 (accessed July 28, 2014)
Finkelstein, I. 1995: The Date of the Settlement of the Philistines in Canaan, Tel Aviv 22, 213–239
Finkelstein, I., Piasetzky, E. 2011: The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing?, Near Eastern Archaeology 74/1, 50–54
Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D., Halpern, B. 2008: Megiddo, [in:] NEAEHL 5, 1944–1950
Franken, H.J. 1990: The Scope of the Present Pottery Study, [in:] Franken, H.J., Steiner, M.L., Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967 II, The Iron Age Extramural Quarter on the South-East Hill, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 2, Oxford, 67–75
Franken, H.J., Steiner, M.L. 1990: Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967 II, The Iron Age Extramural Quarter on the South-East Hill, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 2, Oxford
G
Gal, Z., Alexandre, Y. 2000: Horbat Rosh Zayit. An Iron Age Storage Fort and Village, IAA Reports 8, Jerusalem
Garfinkel, Y., Greenberg, R. 1997: Area L, [in:] Ben-Tor, A. et al., Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavation, 1968, Eds Ben-Tor, A., Bonfi l, R., Jerusalem
Gilboa, A. 1995: The Typology and Chronology of the Iron Age Pottery and the Chronology of Iron Age Assemblages, [in:] Stern, E. et al., Excavations at Tel Dor, Final Report Volume IB: Areas A and C: The Finds, Qedem Reports 2, Jerusalem, 1–49
Gitin, S. 1990: Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology III, Jerusalem
Gjerstad, E. 1948: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus, 1927–1931. Vol. 4/2, The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical Periods, Stockholm
Gjerstad, E. 1960: Pottery Types, Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical, OpAth III, 105–122
Gjerstad, E., Lindros, J., Sjöqvist, E., Westholm, A. 1935: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927–1931, Vol. 2, Stockholm
H
Humbert, J.-B. 1981: Récents travaux à Tell Keisan (1979–1980), RevBibl 88/3, 373–398
Hunt, M. 1987: The Tell Qiri Pottery, [in:] Ben-Tor, A. et al., Tell Qiri. A Village in the Jezreel Valley. Report of the Archaeological Excavations 1975–1977, Qedem 24, Jerusalem, 139–223
J
James, F.W. 1966: The Iron Age at Beth Shan, A Study of Levels VI–IV, Philadelphia
K
Karageorghis, V. 1973–1974: Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III, Salamis 5, Nicosia-Haarlem
Kenyon, K.M. 1957: Israelite Pottery, I. Stratifi ed Groups, [in:] Crowfoot, J.W., Crowfoot, M., Kenyon, K.M., Samaria-Sebaste III: The Objects from Samaria, London, 94–134
L
Lamon, R.S, Shipton, G.M. 1939: Megiddo I. Seasons of 1925–34, Strata I–V, OIP XLII, Chicago
Lehmann, G. 1996: Untersuchungen zur späten Eisenzeit in Syrien und Libanon. Stratigraphie und Keramikformen zwischen ca. 720 bis 300 v.Chr., Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients 5, Münster
Lehmann, G. 2001: Phoenicians in Western Galilee: First Results of an Archaeological Survey in the Hinterland of Akko, [in:] Mazar, A. (Ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, JSOT-Suppl. 331, Sheffi eld, 65–112
Lehmann, G. 2002: Iron Age, [in:] Kempinski, A. et al., Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavation Seasons, Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 20, Tel Aviv, 178–222
M
Master, D.M. 2003: Trade and Politics: Ashkelon’s Balancing Act in the Seventh Century B. C. E., BASOR 330, 47–64
Mazar, A. 1985: Excavations at Tell Qasile. Part Two. The Philistine Sanctuary: Various Finds, The Pottery, Conclusions, Appendixes, Qedem 20, Jerusalem
Mazar, A. 1993: Qasile, Tell, [in:] NEAEHL 4, 1204–1212
Mazar, A. 2006: The Iron Age II Pottery from Areas S and P, [in:] Mazar, A. et al., Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996 I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period, Jerusalem, 313–384
Mazar, A. 2008: From 1200 to 850 B.C.E.: Remarks on Some Selected Archaeological Issues, [in:] Grabbe, L. (Ed.), Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron II a (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.), New York-London, 86–120
Mazar, A. 2011: The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint, Near Eastern Archaeology 74/2, 105–111
Mazar, A., Mullins, R.A. 2006: Introduction: The Hebrew University Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean, [in:] Mazar, A. et al., Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996 I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period, Jerusalem, 3–25
Mazar, A., Panitz-Cohen, N. 2001: Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the fi rst Millenium BCE, Qedem 42, Jerusalem
Młynarczyk, J. 2009a: The Fort (The Central Structure): The Stratigraphy, [in:] Segal, A., Młynarczyk, J., Burdajewicz, M., Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar-Ha 'Amakim (Gaba), Final Report, Haifa, 48–54
Młynarczyk, J. 2009b: Hellenistic and Roman-Period Pottery from Sha‘ar-Ha 'Amakim, [in:] Segal, A., Młynarczyk, J., Burdajewicz, M., Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar-Ha Ἁmakim (Gaba), Final Report, Haifa, 97–119
O
Olami, Y., Sender, S., Oren, E. 2004: Map of Yagur (27), Archaeological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem
P
Prausnitz, M.W. 1993: Plain of Acco, [in:] NEAEHL 1, 31
S
Sagona, A.G. 1982: Levantine Storage Jars of the 13th to 4th Century B.C., OpAth XIV/7, 73–110
Salles, J.-F. 1980: Le niveau 4 (Fer II C), [in:] Briend, J., Humbert, J.-B., Tell Keisan (1971–1976), un cité phénicienne en Galilée, OBO Series Archaeologica 1, Fribourg-Göttingen-Paris, 131–156
Salles, J.-F. 1985: À propos du niveau 4 de Tell Keisan, Levant 17, 203–204
Scheftelowitz, N. 2008: Kabri, [in:] NEAEHL 5, 1894–1895
Segal, A., Młynarczyk, J., Burdajewicz, M. 2009: Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha’ar-Ha 'Amakim (Gaba), Final Report, Haifa
Stager, L.E., Master, D.M., Schloen, J.D. 2011: Ashkelon 3: The Seventh Century B.C., Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, Winona Lake, Ind.
Stager, L.E., Schloen, J.D., Master, D.M. (Eds) 2008: Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006). Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, Winona Lake, Ind.
Stern, E. 1982: Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period 538–332 B.C., Warminster
U
Ussishkin, D. (Ed.) 2004: The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994) IV, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22, Tel Aviv
Y
Yadin, Y., Aharoni, Y., Amiran, R., Dothan, T., Dunayevsky, I., Perrot, J. 1958: Hazor I. The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955, Jerusalem
Yadin, Y., Aharoni, Y., Dunayevsky, I., Dothan, T., Amiran, R., Perrot, J. 1961: Hazor III–IV. The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957–1958, Plates, Jerusalem
Z
Zimhoni, O. 2004: The Pottery of Levels III and II, [in:] Ussishkin, D. (Ed.), The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994) IV, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22, Tel Aviv, 1789–1899
